My question is do shoes that have wide toe and a size bigger cause feet to move around too much causing toes to suffer?
As
@C clearly says, no. But the rest of the fit needs to be correct and you do need to lace them properly.
The point of going wider is so that your feet have room to swell/spread on a long distance walk, as stated above.
Going a little longer (some go just a half size, some a full) is to give your toes sufficient space so that they do not stub against the front of the shoe when you walk downhill. Every year people end up with blackened and/or missing toenails because they fail to do this. Unpleasant.
You have been given some excellent advice above. Seeking professional help to choose the right shoe, lacing your shoes properly, toe socks, double socking, possibly lubricating your feet (although for me this
causes blisters rather than prevents them) Body glide and Vaseline seem to be popular choices.
If it's just some minor oddity with your foot you may find that adjusting your lacing and using hiker's wool in problem areas is enough.
Give the suggestions a try until you find the right combination for you.
Personally I just use a good comfortable pair of shoes ( which is very individual) and good quality Merino socks. The moment I feel a hot spot forming I use hikers wool to pad out the area. (But you really do need to stop straight away and not just wait until your next break!)
Incidentally you may find that your small toe issue requires the input of a podiatrist. My mother has something she calls curly toe which sounds very similar to what you have described. She was prescribed roomier shoes ( which you have) toe separators and inserts.
The good thing is that you have plenty of time.