Unfortunately, I have never met a pilgrim carrying bleach or sterilization tablets. Most of those I have met never even think of thoroughly rinsing their bottles. As for bladders, how do you clean out the tubes on the Camino. As I said, I cant say one way or another as I never use a bladder but the problems do only seem to start some way into the camino and seldom at the start. On my first camino, I used aluminium bottles and never thought about washing them out. It did me no harm but when it was pointed out to me that bacteria could be building up in them, I have made a habit of thoroughly rinsing my equipment every couple of days
I can definitely understand your concerns and thinking on this issue.
You don't need to carry bleach or tablets, although the tablets are easy to carry and weigh nothing, if one were so inclined. Getting a tiny bit of bleach at from a laundry room is no big deal if one were to want to. And unless you are going to store the bladder, they really do not need disinfecting treatment, anyway -- unless you made a mistake of putting contaminated, non potable water in the bottle or bladder. Any risk of bacterial growth comes from long storage of stagnant water --- and neither of those conditions apply to either backpackers or camino walkers. The water is constantly flowing and being replaced.
As you did with your bottle, I rinse mine out at the end of the day. Doing so, and then draining the water tube, takes about 60 seconds.
The same for the mouth pieces and tube -- water is frequently flowing through.
As to your observation of when problems occur, let me make two primary observations:
1. Correlation does not equal causation.
2. There are many potential causes for the problems you have observed, and based on my experiences in public health and as a backpacker and as a pilgrim, the simplest and direct causation is likely poor hygiene. As the day to day walking continues with infrequent places to wash hands, that is a source for illness.
Also .... With constant exposure in close quarters to people from all over the world, that is a potential source of illness. With all of the variety of eating establishments -- from fancy restaurants to bars to alburgues to food wagons, where food preparation and food holding are unknown quantities, that is a potential for illness. People filling bottles or bladders from contaminated sources, not understanding or seeing warning signs, is a potential for illness. The practice of purchasing and carrying perishable items in a pack, in the heat, for a lunch or a snack hours after purchase, is a potential source of illness.
Research has shown that bottles and bladders are not at risk of significant bacterial growth when in regular use. During my career at our health district, I had opportunity to have our lab do testing of backpacking water containers after various conditions of use and non use. I have not been able to find any significant real-world concern with continued bladder or bottle usage over a long period of time.
Also, keep in mind that the same disinfecting treatments used in sanitary water supplies does have a residual effect in keeping pathogens at bay IF no contaminated water has been placed in the container.
When I return from a backpacking trip, and when I returned home from Camino, cleaning and running a disinfectant thru the bladder and tube and then setting it out for drying prior to storage takes about 5 minutes. When I need it again, it is all set and ready to go.